metatables and metamethods

README.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Use this table of contents to travel more easily through this cheat sheet.
   - [Advanced](#advanced)
     - [Tables, Array, dict..](#tables-array-dict)
       - [Metatables and metamethods](#metatables-and-metamethods)
-      - [](#)
+      - [Class-like tables and inheritance.](#class-like-tables-and-inheritance)
 
 ## The basics
 
@@ -138,6 +138,13 @@ end
 x, y = bar('zaphod')  --> prints "zaphod nil nil"
 -- Now x = 4, y = 8, values 15..42 are discarded.
 
+print(type(x))  --> number
+-- 'type()' function allow to detemindthe  type of a variable.
+
+-- '...' is an elipse parameter, retrievable in context by '...'.
+function e(...) print(...) end
+e(2, 4, 8, 6)  --> prints "2    4    8    6"
+
 -- Functions are first-class, may be local/global.
 -- (global) These are the same:
 function f(x) return x * x end
@@ -211,8 +218,68 @@ end
 
 #### Metatables and metamethods
 
+````lua
+-- A table can have a metatable that gives the table
+-- operator-overloadish behavior. Later we'll see
+-- how metatables support js-prototypey behavior.
+
+f1 = {a = 1, b = 2}  -- Represents the fraction a/b.
+f2 = {a = 2, b = 3}
+
+-- This would fail:
+-- s = f1 + f2
+
+metafraction = {}
+function metafraction.__add(f1, f2)
+  sum = {}
+  sum.b = f1.b * f2.b
+  sum.a = f1.a * f2.b + f2.a * f1.b
+  return sum
+end
+
+setmetatable(f1, metafraction)
+setmetatable(f2, metafraction)
+
+s = f1 + f2  -- call __add(f1, f2) on f1's metatable
+
+-- f1, f2 have no key for their metatable, unlike
+-- prototypes in js, so you must retrieve it as in
+-- getmetatable(f1). The metatable is a normal table
+-- with keys that Lua knows about, like __add.
+
+-- But the next line fails since s has no metatable:
+-- t = s + s
+-- Class-like patterns given in the section below would fix this.
+
+-- An __index on a metatable overloads dot lookups:
+defaultFavs = {animal = 'gru', food = 'donuts'}
+myFavs = {food = 'pizza'}
+setmetatable(myFavs, {__index = defaultFavs})
+eatenBy = myFavs.animal  -- works! thanks, metatable
+-- Direct table lookups that fail will retry using
+-- the metatable's __index value, and this recurses.
+
+-- An __index value can also be a function(tbl, key)
+-- for more customized lookups.
+
+-- Values of __index, add, .. are called metamethods.
+-- Main list. Here is a table with the metamethods.
+
+-- __add(a, b)                     for a + b
+-- __sub(a, b)                     for a - b
+-- __mul(a, b)                     for a * b
+-- __div(a, b)                     for a / b
+-- __mod(a, b)                     for a % b
+-- __pow(a, b)                     for a ^ b
+-- __unm(a)                        for -a
+-- __concat(a, b)                  for a .. b
+-- __len(a)                        for #a
+-- __eq(a, b)                      for a == b
+-- __lt(a, b)                      for a < b
+-- __le(a, b)                      for a <= b
+-- __index(a, b)  <fn or a table>  for a.b
+-- __newindex(a, b, c)             for a.b = c
+-- __call(a, ...)                  for a(...)
 ````
 
-````
+#### Class-like tables and inheritance.
-
-####